Researchers at the Whitehead Institute found a differentiated cell in breast tissue that can spontaneously transform into a state similar to stem cells, which is the first time it has been observed in mammalian cells. These results refute scientific dogmatism-that differentiation is a single path, and once cells differentiate, they cannot rely on themselves to return to the stem cell state.
This amazing discovery, published in PNAS, has important implications for the progress of cancer treatment, especially the eradication of cancer stem cells.
According to Robert Weinberg of the Whitehead Institute, if cancer stem cells in tumors are eliminated through a specific medium, some remaining non-stem tumor cells will be generated through the process of autonomous de-differentiation. New cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are the only cells capable of reseeding tumors in the body.
During differentiation, incompletely differentiated stem cells can be cultivated into many different cell types with specific functions. These differentiated cells can work together to form tissues and organs. In breast tissue, differentiated basal cells and luminal cells combine to form a milk duct.
The first author of the paper, Christine Chaffer, a postdoctoral researcher in the Weinberg laboratory, analyzed cells from human breast tissue and observed a small amount of basal cells floating freely in tissue culture fluid.
Curious about the abnormal behavior of the cells, Chaffer set out to further study and inject floating basal cells into mice. After 12 weeks, it was found that the injected basal cells produced a structure similar to a milk duct, containing basal and luminal cells, which clearly indicated that floating cells had dedifferentiated into stem cells.
Until now, no one has shown that differentiated mammalian cells, like these basal cells, can spontaneously return to the stem cell state. To observe whether basal cells will become cancer stem cells, Chaffer injected oncogenes into these cells and then injected them into mice. It was found that tumors in mice contained cancer stem cell populations, which are descendants of the original basal cells. This result indicates that basal cells in breast cancer / tumor are a previously unknown source of cancer stem cells.
At present, research on cancer treatment focuses on eliminating cancer stem cells, and Weinberg warns that the plasticity of these basal cells indicates a more complicated situation.
In the future, drug treatment for cancer must eradicate its cancer stem cells and eliminate non-stem cells in tumors. Both groups must be eradicated.
Chaffer is focusing on what exactly drives these flexible cells to dedifferentiate, and how to prevent cancer cells from turning into cancer stem cells.
This plasticity can occur naturally, and it seems that the propellant may be a physiological mechanism for conversion into stem cells. We believe that certain types of cells are more sensitive to this type of propellant, and this process occurs more frequently in cancer cells.
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