Japanese researchers find challenges to cell biology

We used this microsurgical technique to understand the structure and assembly of the spindle in a way that was not possible before, which made us very excited, "said Eric Mazur, co-author of the article and professor of physics and applied physics at Harvard University.

The spindle is composed of protein filaments called microtubules, which are formed during cell division and separate chromosomes into daughter cells. It used to be unclear how microtubules are assembled in the spindle of mammalian cells. Scientists often assume that microtubules extend along the length of the entire structure, from one pole of the cell to the other.

Mazur and his colleagues confirmed that microtubules can start to form throughout the spindle, and their lengths also vary, the closer to the pole, the shorter the length.

The main author of the article, Jan Brugués, a postdoctoral staff member at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, said: "We want to know whether this difference in size may be caused by a stable gradient of microtubules across the spindle, but it is actually due to transportation. The tubes are usually nucleated and grow from the center of the spindle to the poles. The microtubes closer to the center are longer and newer, and the microtubes closer to the poles are shorter and older. "

"The study provides concrete evidence of some facts that we can only speculate so far," Brugués added.

In the article, the research team used a femtosecond laser in the egg extract of Xenopus laevis. To generate two cut planes perpendicular to the growth plane of the spindle.

After that, they collected quantitative data about the reconstructed spindle and accurately determined the length and polarity of each microtube. After observing the speed and extent of microtubule depolymerization, the research team compiled a complete map of the starting point of each microtubule. Finally, other experiments and numerical models were used to confirm the function of transportation.

"Laser allows us to cut accurately and complete experiments that were impossible with previous technologies," Mazur said.

With further analysis of the structure of the spindle, the researchers hope that scientists will one day be able to gain a complete understanding and even possibly control the formation of the spindle.

"Understanding the spindle means understanding the cell division. With a better understanding of the spindle's operating mechanism, we have more hopes to solve the large number of problems caused by cell cycle destruction or inappropriate chromosome separation from cancer to birth defects. Disease, "Brugués said.

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