As an important part of classical furniture structure and decorative art, traditional furniture hardware accessories have certain functionality, but more of it has strong decorative and appreciation, which is an important feature that reflects the characteristics of traditional furniture style. one. They are made of various materials and craftsmanship. This paper mainly discusses materials and process methods:
The materials used in traditional furniture hardware are mainly copper ornaments, but also gold and silver. However, metal materials such as gold and silver are mainly in the form of filigree, metal, gold, mercury, etc., which greatly enhances its decorative art. Expressiveness enriches its craft image. Metallic decorative parts such as gold, silver and bronze were used in the lacquer furniture of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The typical ones were often equipped with bronze fasteners on lacquered wood furniture. The so-called fasteners at the time were on the edge of lacquer furniture. The foot or other parts are inlaid with gold, silver or bronze. These decorative parts not only play a decorative role, but also an organic part of the whole shape and function, which not only increases the solidity and practicability of the wooden furniture, but also increases the The decor of wooden furniture.
Metals in the furniture are mostly decorated to protect the corners or to strengthen the focus, followed by the beautification. The trim is mainly made of white copper. White copper is a copper-nickel alloy with a soft color and far better than brass. White copper trim is generally earlier than brass trim. All the original white copper ornaments, the quaint, and rust-stained natural furniture must be made earlier. On the advanced seat used by the emperor, there is also a metal plated piece of iron on the iron plate and hammered with gold and silver wire. Commonly used accessories include face sheets, hinges, wrap angles, and some special metal parts. Face sheets and hinges are often used as circles, rectangles, rectangles, and wishful clouds.
In the early Ming Dynasty, it was made of white copper or brass, and later it was made of red gold and gold. The metal trim materials of the Qing Dynasty furniture mainly include gold, silver, copper and iron. Gold and silver are mainly used for inlay decoration. They are often made of gold and silver or made of extremely fine gold and silver wire as the pattern of the lacquer ware. The artistic effects are different due to the different materials used in the pattern.
After the Ming Dynasty, the ornaments were mainly made of white copper. The metal fittings of the Qing Dynasty furniture mainly consisted of gold, silver, copper and iron, but most of them were made of red gold and gold. Gold and silver are mainly used for inlay decoration. They are often made of sheets made of gold and silver or made of extremely fine gold and silver wire to embed the pattern of bronze. The artistic effects are different because of the different materials used in the pattern.
Copper is the earliest known and widely used metal. In China, there were bronzes in the Xia Dai era more than 4,000 years ago. Copper has many valuable physicochemical properties, such as high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, strong chemical stability, high tensile strength, easy fusion, corrosion resistance, plasticity, and ductility. Pure copper can be drawn into very thin copper wire to make a very thin copper foil. It can form alloys with metals such as zinc, tin, lead, manganese, cobalt, nickel, aluminum and iron. Pure copper is light rose or reddish, and the surface is copper-copper when it forms a copper oxide film. This copper oxide film has a good compactness, so the corrosion resistance of copper is also good.
Copper is a major material used in traditional furniture hardware, and its types are:
Bronze, which is an alloy of red copper and tin and lead (except for zinc and nickel, the alloy of other elements is called bronze), and it is also the earliest alloy in the history of metal casting. Bronze is an alloy of many metal components such as copper, tin, lead, etc., so the copper is often different in color from golden to silver because of the different ingredients. For example, a bronze containing a write ratio of zinc is brass-colored, while a copper containing a certain proportion of nickel exhibits a white copper color, and early copper trims mainly use bronze. Such as the bronze fasteners on the furniture of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period.
White copper, soft color, far better than brass. The white copper is an alloy mainly composed of copper, nickel and zinc, and the amount of nickel added is usually 10% to 30%. In order to improve the structure and properties of the alloy, it is often added with an appropriate amount of zinc or iron and fierce. Due to the amount of ingredients contained, the finished parts are golden yellow and some are white as silver. Zinc-nickel-copper resembles silver. It is used for imitation silver in coinage and decorative devices. The white copper has high corrosion resistance and high strength. The copper ornaments on Ming Dynasty furniture are mainly white copper.
Brass, ordinary brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, containing 80% copper and 20% zinc. In order to improve the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and process properties (such as castability and machinability) of ordinary brass, lead, aluminum, manganese, tin, iron, nickel, silicon, etc. are often added to form various special brasses. In the early Ming Dynasty, it was made of white copper or brass, mainly made of white copper. In the later period, it was made of red gold and gold. White copper trim is generally earlier than brass trim. All the original white copper ornaments, the quaint, and rust-stained natural furniture must be made earlier.
Red copper refers to the natural copper of other ingredients that are not artificially noisy, that is, pure copper or blister copper. Pure copper is reddish-brown and has good ductility, but its texture is soft. It is not suitable for making large utensils. It can only be used as a small tool or ornament. The obvious disadvantages of red copper are: First, the melting point is high. The melting point of red copper is generally as high as 1083 ° C. The firing temperature is too high to be reached. If 15% of lead is added, the melting point is lowered to 960 ° C. If tin is added 25%, the melting point is lowered to 810 ° C. The advantage after alloying is obvious; Second, the hardness is low. Generally, the hardness of red copper is 35 ° C of Brinell hardness tester, 5% of tin, its hardness is increased to 65 ° C, tin is added 10%, hardness is increased to 165 ° C, so that it can be based on different types of Need to, as appropriate, reduce the composition of tin, cast into different hardness of the appliance. For the sake of luxury, the Qing Dynasty copper ornaments are mostly made of red gold.
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