The Rise of Modern Chinese Printing Industry 1.1

Section 1 Establishment of Printing and Publishing Institutions

As already mentioned, after Western modern printing was introduced, for a long time, the printing and publishing institutions that used modern Western printing and printing equipment were basically in the hands of foreigners. Although there were a small number of people who were established by the Chinese people, among the group of printing and publishing organizations that were established by a large number of foreigners, they had not become an indignant person. They did not have much influence in the modern printing and publishing industry, nor did they attract the attention and attention of the Chinese people. for example:

According to “Liang Fa Chuan”, August 30, 1834, Huang Tong, Nanhai County had posted lithographic advertisements. This is Huang Tong, Nanhai County, who is Chinese. An advertisement posted by a Chinese is generally not printed in the few lithographs that foreigners have opened. Furthermore, the lithographic institute run by a few foreign missionaries at the time could not possibly print such a humble advertisement for the Chinese. What's more, the early monochrome lithography process was simple and easy to operate. People have reason to believe that the advertisement posted by Hwang was printed by Hwang himself or in a lithograph office run by the Chinese. Perhaps this is the earliest modern printing and publishing institution that the people of the country have set up.

In 1858, the Chinese Wu Tingfang Ren Tingfang (1842-1922), the word of the poet, number ranks Yong, Guangdong Xinhui people. In 1874, he joined the Lincoln College of Law in the UK to study law. After graduation, he returned to Hong Kong as a lawyer. In 1882, Li Hongzhang shogunate. He served as the minister of the Qing government in the United States, Spain, Peru, Mexico, and Cuba; Zuo Shi Lang, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Shi Lang as the Minister of Justice; the Judicial General of the Nanjing Government; Duan Qirui as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Cabinet; the Acting Prime Minister; Sun Yat-sen's Minister of Foreign Affairs of the French Government. A Chinese newspaper "Chinese and Foreign News" was established in Hong Kong (Figure 14-1). This follow-up was published in 1864 by Chen Xiaoting's newly published “Development History and Status Quo of the Printing Industry in Hong Kong”, saying “Huang Sheng and Wang Hao co-organized the China General Administration of Printing in 1871. See the book (Edited by Ye Yubin et al., Printing Industry Publishing). (1997), page 4. The publication of "Wanzi Ribao" (Figure 14-2) established in Hong Kong and "New Record of Yangcheng" appearing in Guangzhou in 1872. The publication of these Chinese newspapers marks that Chinese have begun to set foot in modern times. Printing and publishing.

In 1873, the materials of the Chinese IWC Printing Museum in Hong Kong were purchased by Chinese, and on this basis, the China General Administration of Printing established by the Chinese was formed. The China General Administration of Printing appointed Wang Yao, a well-known newspaper and political commentator at the time, to establish the “Circular Daily”. “Circular Daily” was founded in 1874. At that time, it was a newspaper that supported the reform and sold a lot. It played a great role in promoting the expansion and development of the China General Administration of Printing.

The modern history of China is an era of historic changes in Chinese society, economy, and culture driven by imperialist gunboat bombardment and Western influence. In such an era of revolutionary changes, numerous, all over the country, new types of printing and publishing agencies have been established. These printing and publishing agencies can, on a macro level, divide it into two systems: government and people. Among them, the government-run printing and publishing institutions were established by the governments of all levels during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China with public funds, including the Pekingese Tongwen Museum, the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and the official bureaus, the official and printing bureaus, the official newspaper bureaus throughout the country, as well as Printing and publishing institutions established by postal services, customs offices, etc.; private schools are established by private and non-governmental departments, such as schools and schools. In addition, the Chinese Communist Party has established some printing and publishing institutions accordingly in its base areas and forces.

Figure 14-1 China and Foreign News

First, the government-run printing and publishing agencies

1. The Imperial Capital Museum

In 1862, the Qing government had to understand the situation before dealing with foreign countries. If you want to know the situation in different countries, you must use the language to avoid being deluded. Wandering in Beijing to set up a "Kenshi Tongwen Pavilion" to cultivate diplomas and translators.

Figure 14-2 China Daily News

The Pekingese Tongwenkan is the earliest "Ocean Affairs School" established in the late Qing Dynasty. It is the window of the Qing government to understand the Western world through the translation, printing and publishing activities of the Tongwenkan. Its predecessor was the Russian pavilion, which was established in the year 2000 (1757) and aimed at training Russian translators. As the "Treaty of Tianjin" signed in 1858 and the "Beijing Treaty" signed in 1860, both require the British and French diplomatic documents to be written in their own country (ie, the United Kingdom and France), causing the Qing government to urgently need to cultivate familiarity with the English and French laws. Foreign language and language talents. Thus, Gong Jing Wang was the equivalent of 1861 Chen Chen set up the Tongwen Museum in Beijing. Subordinate to the Prime Minister's affairs in various countries. The Pekingese Tongwen Library has three classes in English, French, and Russian, and recruits eight-banner brothers under the age of 13 to cultivate interpreters. Afterwards, the age of enrollment and ethnic boundaries were relaxed. Courses in German, English, French, and Russian were supplemented with German, Japanese, and mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, foreign history, medical physiology, and universal public law. With the exception of Chinese, most of the lessons in other courses are foreigners. Among them, the American missionary Ding Yiliang taught in the museum in 1865, was nominated by Hurd (British) in 1869 to become the chief teacher, and spent nearly 30 years in the master's administration of the Imperial College.

In 1873, the Pekingese Tongwenkan set up a printing office, which had four sets of Chinese and Roman lead prints and seven hand-printing presses. It is responsible for the printing of books and translations of the Prime Minister's affairs. Ding Shuliang once served as manager of Ningbo Huahua Bible Study. After serving as a teacher at the Tongwen Hall, Jiang Beli gave him a batch of Chinese lead type in Shanghai. Makes the Imperial College Tongwen Pavilion an official translation and printing and publishing institution that used the western modern printing technique earlier. According to Ding Yiliang's Tongwen Hall, "In just a few years, more than 20 kinds of books have been compiled by teachers and students in the same library, and a special printing institution has been set up in the museum to publish it in the world." Chen Dong, "A Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of China's Modern Publishing Industry", "China's Modern Academic History of Modern Publishing Conference", p. 131, China Book Press, 1990. There is a wide variety of books such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, history, and Chinese that are printed and published by the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum. Twenty-seven years Guangxu (1902) merged into the Capital University.

2. Printing Bureau of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau

In 1865, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang established Shanghai Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai. Referred to as "General Administration of Jiangnan Manufacturing" and "Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau", it is also called the "Shanghai Machinery Bureau" and "Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau." The bureau originally set up the largest arsenal of the Westernization School. Afterwards, Xu Shou, a scientist working for the Bureau, and Xu Jianyu, the son of Xu Jianyu, proposed the “Translation of the Western Countries' Book of Conspiracy,... Printed and disseminated for Chinese people’s understanding” and received Zeng Guofan’s appraisal. In particular, the Bureau called for a "Translation Hall" (there are translation halls, translation offices, compiling offices, and various types of publications) in 1868. It began to translate and print books on natural sciences and machine technology. .

The translation work of the Translation Bureau of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau was presided over by Xu Shou. There were 59 translators. Among them: foreign scholars include British, U.S., Japanese scholars Fu Lanya, Xiu Yaochun, Luo Henry, Veli Yali, Kim Kyung-Li, Lin Lezhi, Wei Li, Ma Gaofeng, Fujita Futatsu, etc., a total of nine people; China Scholars Xu Shou, Hua Yufang and 50 other people. Chinese and foreigners cooperate and translate together. Regarding the translation of the two books at the time, Fu Lanya wrote: "Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau translates Southern Books."

"When the Westerners first read the book in the chest and the book is known, they translated it with Huashi. It is the meaning of the Western book. It is translated into Chinese in a sentence that Huashi uses to describe it; if there is anything unclear, it is considered with Huashi. If there is an unclear place in Hua Shi, then explain it.After the translation, Hua Shi revised the first draft to make it fit in Chinese grammar.There are counties, the Hua Shi and Westerners collated on the first issue, and the usual book Many do not have to be correct, both Lai Wah reformed. Gu Wushi is more careful, while the others are less, and the grammar is very fine. That is, when the draft is completed, it will be rigid." Originally contained in "Gezhi compilation", this book was transferred from Zhang Zhiqiang's "Jiangsu History of Book Printing," p. 124, Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 1995 edition.

Jiangnan Bureau of Translation Bureau has a book-publishing office and a printing office. Early translations of books were printed in engravings. Fu Lanya's "The Translation of Western Books by Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau" says: "The printed version of the internal magazine is originally a small house. However, when the publication is getting bigger, its housing is also more extensive. There are more than 30 people, or editions. , or brushing, or binding, and one person Dong Li, another person Dong Li sells books, and another three or four people copy each book." It can be seen that John Fryer (1839-1928), a British missionary, was hired by the Qing government in 1863 as an English language teacher at the Peking University. In 1865, the church in Shanghai called for the president of Yinghua School. In 1868, he was hired to compile for Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and his term of office was 28 years. Counting 143 translations of English books, it is the largest number of Western translations of Western books among Chinese missionaries. It has made certain contributions to the advancement of western learning and the transmission of advanced Western science and technology to China. The above description is engraving printing. However, there was a lead-type movable type and a printed bookshelf at the translation library, which was a modern lead-type printing device. The illustrations in the book “Talking Heaven” translated by Velirey Yali were printed by the United Kingdom with steel plates; the maps and the sea lanes were each printed. Figure, the Department of printing is printed with a carved copper intaglio. Explain that the printing office of this bureau used a variety of techniques to print books. The books printed cover history, politics, economics, military science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, optics, electricity, astronomy, industry, geology, medicine and other fields, accounting for nearly 200 species in 22 categories. It has actively promoted the development of advanced Western science and technology and promoted the development of China's industrial technology, including modern printing and publishing.

3. Local bureaus

The Beijing Museum of Printing and Printing and the Printing Office of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau are affiliated institutions of the Peking Cultural Center and the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. It is not an independent government-run printing and publishing company. However, as the pioneer of the printing and publishing institutions of modern China's government offices, it has had a profound impact on the establishment of numerous official printing and publishing organizations that are mainly composed of official bureaus.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Qing government was forced by the imperialist aggression against China and the influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the cultural sphere was promoted by leaders of the Westernization Movement such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang and Zhang Zhidong. At the beginning and in succession, government-run printing and publishing institutions, the Official Book Bureau, were established throughout the country (Table 14-1). At the beginning, these bureaucrats used more traditional Chinese engraving and movable type printing. Later, with the development and popularization of China’s modern printing industry,