The application and development of engraving printing 2.3

III. The Engraving of the Liao King Xixia and Mongol Times

(I) Liao Dynasty Engraving Business

1. Vacancy and Reproduction of Liao Dynasty Engraving Plate Prints

(1) The missing link in the history of engraving and printing.

China is the hometown of the invention of printing. This great invention has promoted the progress of human civilization throughout the world. Any book that describes the history of printing must be written from ancient China. The printed engravings handed down from ancient China are still treasured at home and abroad. The strange thing is that there was no piece of paper in the Liao Dynasty that was coexisting with the great Northern Song Dynasty of the engraving and printing industry. The records of the Liao Dynasty carved books are also very few, and every book is not recorded. This has become a missing link in the history of printing. This phenomenon has caused many scholars to explore and speculate, but in the end it has been a blank because it has no physical evidence.

The Liao Dynasty was the northern Khitan nation that took over the Central Plains. At the height of its prosperity, its territory was equivalent to today's northeast and Inner Mongolia, and also to the sixteen states of Yanyun, namely Hebei and northern Shanxi. In addition to Jiandu, which is adjacent to the Linhuang House in Beijing, five companion cities are located in Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo, Dading Palace in Beijing, Nanjing Analysis House (now Beijing), and Datong Prefecture in Xijing. Since the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty confronted for more than 200 years, the level of Han culture was very high. It had created a rich material culture and a distinctive spiritual culture. Due to the strict ban on the Liao Dynasty, the books and documents of the Liao Dynasty were rarely introduced into the Central Plains. The destruction of the Liao Dynasty was extremely heavy and almost destroyed. The historical records of the Liao Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty were lack of information. Therefore, the “Liao History” was extremely simple. So in the past millennium people knew little about the once glorious dynasty, and some people even wondered if he was really brilliant or just deserted. However, in recent decades, the development of archaeological undertakings and the deepening of scientific research have led to the discovery of important batches of cultural relics of the Liao Dynasty, which provided valuable physical data for the academic community. The shocked joy swept away with doubt and excitement and praise inspired the Scholars have in-depth exploration of the profound knowledge of Liao culture.

It is said that Liao died as a Buddha. From the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Liao Dynasty took Confucianism, Buddhism, and Buddhism as both eclectic deities, building both Confucius Temples and Kwangsi Temples. After occupying the sixteen states of Yanyun, with the large number of Han people moving northwards, the temple was built and Buddhist temples were established. Yeluud light built the Bodhisattva Church in Mok Yeung Shan, honoring Guanyin Bodhisattva as the deity of God, symbolizing that Jehovah's entrance into the Central Plains was God's providence, which was granted by the right of the king. Liao Shengzong "As for the interpretation of the Second Taoism, are all its purpose," Han culture is extremely deep cultivation, support for the carving of the Tripitaka, the continued engraved Fangshan stone. Xingzong believed in Buddhism, listened to lectures, and listened to “report to the parents and graciously reciting the Scriptures” to comprehend and welcome Yingfa Tianmu. Dao Zong's “Hua Yan Jing Zan” was enacted across the country. The car and pro-name deity were set up in the nave, setting up appointments for the senior officials of the Sangong and Sanshi divisions.... The emperor advocated that the emperors and relatives of the royal family and noble officials followed suit. By surrendering, building houses, building temples and building towers, funding the temple's treasures, and setting up two tax families to drive the monastery. The people also organized the "Thousand People's Retreat" to raise funds to build monasteries, to engrave the statues, to worship the Buddha's tooth relics, to set up altars, to chant the Buddhas and rice bowls... The Buddhist events were unprecedentedly prosperous. Archaeological discoveries of a large number of cultural relics fully confirmed this grand occasion, especially the Liao Dynasty carved prints are almost all related to Buddhism. In fact, the Liao Dynasty rulers believed in Buddhism and advocated the original intention of Buddhism. I am afraid that it is to pray for the Buddha's bliss and maintain the rule. Whether the Liao Dynasty died because of the desecration of Buddha still needs to be further discussed by scholars.

(2) The Liao Dynasty carved prints are reproduced in three Liao Towers. So far, a large number of Liao Dynasty carved prints found in the three Liao Tower, namely, Shanxi Yingxian Buddha Palace Sijia tower (commonly known as Ying County wooden tower), Hebei Fengrun Tiangong Temple Tower, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Bahrain Youqi Liao Dynasty Gyeongju Sakyamuni stupa (commonly known as the Gyeongju White Tower). From the order of discovery, the first in 1974 when the cultural relics department prepared to reinforce and repair the wooden pagoda in Ying County, during the inspection process, it was discovered that there were holes in the chest of the four-story main Buddha, which was damaged in ten years of catastrophe, and some people unintentionally used wooden sticks. Explore it, found that there is something inside, then the exchange with the relevant parties to clean up, found that a large number of Liao Dynasty cultural relics, are the year of plastic Buddha statues possessions. Most of the artifacts that were released were the ones that existed in the world and were first introduced. Among them, there are 12 volumes in the Liao-Tibet, 35 volumes in the single-shot, 8 inscriptions and 6 inscriptions, a total of 61 pieces. The publication of the Liao Dynasty carved prints took the lead to fill the gaps in the history of engraving and printing. Moreover, these cultural relics were all Chinese materials, and most of them were printed in Yanjing (now Beijing) and one of the five capitals of the Liao Dynasty. Liao Nanjing is the center of the economy and culture of the Liao Dynasty. Its achievements are representative. Therefore, the availability of wooden tower secrets has exerted tremendous influence on the study of the economy, culture, Buddhism, and art of the Liao Dynasty. It was followed by a good news: In 1987 when the cultural relics department repaired the Tiangong Temple Tower, it found a total of 18 volumes of Liao Tibetan and other engraved Buddhist volumes and volumes in the second pylon between the fourth and eighth floors, all of which were also Chinese materials. Some of them have a definite age and place of engraving, which greatly enriches the research connotation of the Liao Dynasty carved print. People were not yet calmed down in surprises. The third round of good news came frequently. In 1988-1992, the cultural relics department carried out reinforcement repairs to the Qingzhou White Tower. Curses and a small amount of scriptures, some scattered Buddhist scriptures were also found around the inner wall of the mantle, and all of them were carved in Chinese. Among them, a large number of "dragons in the image of the buddha" and "fundamental Dharani curse" are printed in large quantities on the basis of the drawings of Gandharani's paper. This has never been seen before. There are not many kinds of carved prints found in the white pagodas in Gyeongju, but the number is astounding, with 221 counts. Based on the available data, the author collected and summarized 307 pieces of known Liao Dynasty engraved plate prints, classified and summarized, and recorded as detailed as possible, and made Form 7-1 placed in the text for further discussion. Interested colleagues in the study of Liao dynasty engraving and printing have provided convenience.

2. More than 300 pieces of carved prints reappeared reflect the glory of the Liao Dynasty's engraving and printing industry

(1) The relationship between building towers and printed Buddhist scriptures. From the perspective of the construction of the three Liao Towers, the first tower of the Qingzhou Pagoda was built in the 16th to 18th year of the Liao Xingzong Chong (1047-1049). It was built by the Queen Mother of the Queen, the mother of Liao Xingzong. Her Majesty Queen Zhang Shenghuang is the imperial Queen of Liao Shengzong. After the death of the sacred dynasty, she wanted to take over the affairs of the imperial government and harm the Xingzong mother-in-law and the Queen. She defeated the patriarch and established the minority. After the defeat, he was relegated from the capital to Xingzong, and moved to the Singeong Palace in Gyeongju. (Qingling is the tomb of the Liao Shengzong, in the Xing'an Range Mountains north of Gyeongju). Gyeongju is the tomb of the Qingling Sect of Liao Shengzong. It is also the seat of the Liao Dynasty emperor Xia Qiuyu and the pilgrimage to Mount Sanctuary of Montenegro. It is a state city with a special political status. Later, when Xing Zong listened to the story of “reporting his parents and graciously reciting the Scriptures”, he only returned to the imperial palace after the Queen's Empress Dowager (that is, Fa Tianmu). On the side of the Gyeongju Palace, Empress Dowager Ching San-Hyun built a stupa of the Sakyamuni Buddha and worshiped the Buddha grandly. This is certainly related to her experience of this tortuous life. Obviously it is thanks to the Buddha's divine power to perceive Xing Xingzong, to reunite the mother and son, and to pray for the safety of the royal family and the long-established national transport. The silver version of the mantra and the wishing text in the tower clearly engrave the words "After being emperor queen emperor, the long live the emperor's family, the princess and the emperor's family, the princess of the Qianqiu civil and military officer's class, the permanent teacher of the loyal master's family, and the patron of the parent's excellency. The eight-year anniversary of Meng Qiu-yue's visit to the Beijing Goodfriends "proved this point.

Yingxian Wooden Pagoda was built in Liao Dao Zong Qing Ning for the second year (1056). It is China's highest existing (67.13 meters), oldest, all-wood structure pagoda. Its quirky form, magnificent scale, extraordinary demeanor, and exquisite and important cultural relics indicate that this is by no means an ordinary wooden pagoda, and its temple is not an ordinary temple at first. The financial and material resources needed to build such a temple and such a wooden tower are by no means affordable to the ordinary people and the general bureaucrats. It is certainly related to the Taoist priests and emperors of the time and the royal family’s kinship with the Buddha. The importance of cultural relics from the wooden tower is important. Sex is more proof of this. But in the end, for whom was it built? Why was it built? What is the relationship with the Liao dynasty? Scholars have been exploring, and there has been disagreement and lack of sufficient evidence. Recently, it was proposed that the Queen’s mother, the Queen’s wife, would advocate the construction of the Queen’s priest to demonstrate the merits of his family’s hometown, seal the three kings and pray for their loved ones. At the same time, it has the military watch role. Obviously, this huge and magnificent wooden tower built near the capital of western Liaoning is closely related to the politics, economy, culture, and military of the Liao Dynasty. This tower was built in the second year of Liaoqing Ningxia, but the lower limit of its collection and possession of materials to the early Jin Dynasty.

The Fengrun Tiangong Temple Pagoda was built in the eight years of Qingning (1062). According to the records of the county, the temple was built in "Liaoning Ningxiazhiyuan, Salt Supervisor Zhanggong Chengcheng" and the "Maanshan younger brother statutory official" was invited." For their sovereignty, the merits were completed." The tower was built for the son of Zhang Gong, "Feng An relic." "Shouchang has granted a blessed hospital for three years, and the system has been changed to Tiangong Temple for five years" (see "Dongjin Yuzhou County, Yongji, Datian Temple"). The temple has long since disappeared and was built in the northwest corner of the temple. The Temple of Heaven Temple is still standing. Although this temple was built by Yan Zhang and Zhang Cheng as a fundraiser, the monasteries presided over the statute of the master of the dance but it was a person who passed through the sky. "The famous German was heard by the Liaozhu and tasted to be called as a master of the song." So the temple was given twice. From the Tiangong Temple Tower, there are the inscriptions of the Princess of the Great Khitan Guo Yan, etc. It is obvious that the area around Zhangzhou (now Hebei) is a famous temple.

Qingzhou Baita, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, and Tiangong Temple Pagoda, three famous Liao Pagodas, are distributed from north to south in the Liao Dynasty. The three Liao Pagoda Temples were all famous temples in the Liao Dynasty, both in Liao Dynasty. Royal state officials and senior officials are inextricably linked. Three hundred pieces of precious carved prints of the Liao Dynasty reproduced from the three towers can fully reflect the glory of the Liao Dynasty's engraving and printing industry. The Gyeongju Tower is near Shangjing, Yingxian Wooden Pagoda is near Xijing, Tiangong Temple Pagoda is not far from Yanjing and Zhongjing Dadingfu. The cultural relics of the Three Pagodas involve the region, covering almost the entire territory of Liao Dynasty. Judging from the time span, there are cultural relics of a definite age, the earliest being the “Sang Sang Jing Shu Wen Wen”, and the end of the volume was recorded as “Times and Eight Years (990) Years of Ages August 癸卯朔 August 15 戊 Wu. What is the memorization?..." (Figure 7-18); The latest is the "Palace of the Altar of the Bodhisattva" printed by Tianqing during the year. In the intervening period, there were the Shengzong Reign and twenty-one and twenty-five years; Kaitai six years and ten years; Taiping five years; Xingzong Zhonghee eleven and twenty-two years; In the seven years and the Da Kang years, there was a definite year of the Tianzhu Emperor and the Tianqing years. Others do not have a definite chronology, but they can also determine the approximate time of imprinting by comparing and comparing with the same artifacts. Therefore, these engraving prints can fully reflect the profile and level of development of the Liao Dynasty's engraving and printing industry. The Qingta Baita entered the collection and was in the eighteenth year (1049) before Zhonghee. Although there were a large number of carved prints, there were not many fine prints. Only a few such as the Tongyan and the twenty-five years (1007) in Yanjing by the famous calligrapher Pang Kesheng of the Liao Dynasty, the famous carving of Fan Zun carved "the Buddhist image in the placement method relic" very delicate; Kaitai six years to Beijing The Indian version of "The Mystical Lotus Scripture" and "View of Maitreya's Ascending Rush of the Book of Heaven" have been printed in a more sophisticated manner. Other scrolls in Shangjing or Gyeongju "Yiyan Gyeongben Carved" are relatively rough. Ying County Wooden Pagoda was built in the second year of Liaoqingningning (1056), but the statue in the tower was shaped by the early Jin Dynasty of Liao Dynasty. Therefore, the lower limit of the Buddha's image can be set to the beginning of the golden age. There are 61 carved prints of various types, with many fine products, official versions, and private prints. Although the number of Tiangong Temple towers was not large during the eight years of Qingning (1062), there were a lot of fine works. In particular, the book “Dafang Guangfo Hua Yan Yan Jing” in the collection of the Liao Tibetan can be described as a unique product. Looking at the more than 300 pieces of Liao Dynasty carved prints now available. All of them are carved and printed in Chinese. It proves that the degree of Hanization in the Liao Dynasty has been very high. It has long since entered the feudal society and is not as “desert” and backward as people had imagined. Everywhere in the Liao Dynasty, there are skilled craftsmen who can sculpt Chinese prints.