Smiley paste is a netizen in Urumqi. After participating in several outdoor activities, his outdoor activity enthusiasm reached 39.5 degrees Celsius, and the equipment gradually became richer. The purse gradually collapsed, and gradually, he became the leader. The idea. One day, after browsing the past activity record and activity conventions on the website of the Lambs Corps, Xiaoshou paste developed a Wei Hu Shan crossing plan (this is no man's land). According to the previous model, posting, posting, and a few days later, members were successfully recruited on the mountain climbing expedition. I also found a map, bought a compass for 20 yuan, specifically borrowed a GPS from the GPS brand. Now, now, he is worrying about GPS.....
I believe the following article will help him.
First, GPS basic knowledge
1, GPS principle
GPS is short for Globol Position System (Global Positioning System), which was established by the U.S. government and provides free services to users worldwide. The complete GPS system is divided into two parts, the sky and the earth. There are 24 satellites in the sky that are constantly rotating, making it possible to see at least three satellites in any corner of the earth; in the underground is the handheld or vehicle-mounted GPS receiver, which is what we often say GPS.
When the GPS receiver receives three or more satellite signals, the geodetic coordinates of the receiver can be calculated. If four satellites are received, the elevation of the altitude can also be calculated. At the same time, the time signal of the satellite system is also Transmitted to the GPS, if you want to watch the GPS time is the most reliable.
It should be noted that in addition to the United States GPS system, Russia and Europe have also established their own global positioning system, but the most common application is still the United States GPS system.
2. The coordinate system used by GPS
When we describe the geographical location, the commonly used method is latitude and longitude coordinates. The latitude and longitude coordinate system is the zero point of longitude and latitude of Greenwich and the equator in England respectively. China is located in the range of 70--120 degrees east longitude, latitude--north degree, Xinjiang is located.
In the GPS system, latitude and longitude display methods can generally be selected according to their own preferences, generally "hddd.ddddd" (degree.degree),"hddd*mm.mmm" (degree.min..),"hddd*mm "ss" (degrees, minutes, and seconds). The hexadecimal notation for degrees, minutes, and seconds is hexadecimal, but the degrees for degrees, minutes, and minutes. The hexadecimal system for points.
The meridian of the Earth (the line from the South Pole to the North Pole) is 39940.67 kilometers in length, 110.94 kilometers in latitude, 1.849 kilometers in one lap, and 30.8 meters in one second. The spacing in different latitudes is the same.
The length of the Earth’s equatorial ring is 40075.36 kilometers, Beijing and Urumqi are about 40 degrees north latitude, and the latitude circle length is 40075*sin(90-40), so the longitude here is once 85.276 kilometers, one point is 1.42 kilometers, and one second is 23.69 meters. .
3, GPS accuracy and SA policy
In theory, the positioning accuracy of GPS can reach the level of meters. For safety reasons, the United States artificially restricts the positioning longitude of civil GPS and formulates the SA policy (Selective Availability, a measure implemented by the US Department of Defense to reduce GPS accuracy. ) When the SA policy was implemented, the positioning accuracy was only 20-30 meters, but the current SA policy has been canceled, and the positioning accuracy of civilian GPS can reach about 10 meters.
When receiving more than four valid satellite signals, GPS can achieve three-dimensional positioning, that is to say can calculate the altitude of the sea, but I feel the accuracy of altitude is not very reliable.
4, handheld GPS how to locate
General GPS has MARK and GOTO keys. The MARK key is used for positioning, that is, the current coordinates are stored in the memory, GPS will automatically give a name for this point; GOTO is used for navigation, if there is a known point has been stored in the GPS memory, and since Name, then press GOTO, then select the name of that point, you can calculate the straight line distance from that point to that known point. MARK and GOTO (that is, positioning and ranging) are the most basic functions of GPS, and other functions are based on this or serve it. In general, as long as you know how to turn off your phone, you know how to locate and navigate, and you can cope with it in outdoor activities.
5. Computer format of GPS coordinate system
My GPS can store 500 points. Some GPS devices have data lines that can be used to transfer stored destinations to computers, and vice versa. This way, the data in GPS is very safe (Imagine the workload of copying 300 GPS points to paper!). After the GPS point is imported into the computer, after a certain amount of data conversion, a GPS point database can be established, and the query is very convenient to use. Of course, manually input GPS points can also be organized into files on a computer and then transferred to GPS, which is much easier than inputting on GPS. Not only that, if the computer system has GIS software (geographical information system) and electronic maps, GPS waypoints can also be projected directly onto electronic maps. However, this process is more complicated.
GARMING provides a MAPSOURCE software with a global 1:4000000 electronic map that can be used to project a GPS point directly onto an electronic map. However, for outdoor enthusiasts, the 1:4000000 electronic map is useless.
A complete suite of computer data lines includes data lines, satellite antennas, on-board power supplies (on cigarette lighters), MAPSOURCE software and electronic maps (or GIS software and professional electronic maps).
Second, the use of GPS and maps
In outdoor activities, the most commonly used map scale is 1:250000 and 1:100000. The 1Cm on the map is equivalent to the actual distance of 2.5 km and 1 km, respectively. (About outdoor maps, there will be special articles). The use of GPS and maps is based on the following two conditions: One is to find the coordinates of the target point (such as the proposed campsite and important inflection point) on the map before departure and input it into GPS (we are In 2001, when the trekker's ancient road was entered, a set of GPS points was entered; the other was to locate the point on the map after locating it at an important point in the outdoor event to determine the current position.
The coordinates found on the professional map are in the format "hddd*mm"ss". If the GPS uses the "hddd*mm.mmm" format, then it needs to be performed. The conversion is to divide the value of the second by 0.6 and convert it to 100 hexadecimal.
Third, the typical use of GPS in outdoor activities
OK! The basic principle is finished. Now that we have been outdoors, the team members' eyes are watching you and your GPS. Are you confident? If you haven't already, then continue to see the following introduction.
1, how to locate
Now that the team has arrived on foot, how do you have to record the coordinates of the starting point? It is very simple, open the GPS, take a few minutes to complete the lineup, GPS has completed the search for satellites, automatically jump to the data page, then click on the MARK (positioning or small flag), GPS prompts this is the 110th point, this is GPS waypoints automatically generated by the order, according to the confirmation, the waypoint is saved. Of course, don't forget to let the secretary record this point.
2, how to determine the distance from the target point
At 3pm, the team arrived at a place to rest. The female team member fell to the ground: "Captain, how far are we?" Hey, this can't help me. Before I set off, I picked up an overnight pass and I already entered the coordinates of the target point into the GPS. Remember that the point number is like "First END." Take out the GPS, wait for the search satellite after starting up, and the data will come out after a few minutes, (let's set aside, let the secretary YY write it down, develop good habits) and press GOTO (Navigation) to find in the point table. First END, click OK. At this time, the screen shows "My goal distance" 5523M, GOOD, "We are 5.5 kilometers from the target," and the grinning paste announced loudly. After that, he took a look at the mountains ahead and the rugged mountain road, adding "straight line distance." At this time, I only listened to the pounce and made a few bangs. Team members Yan Xin, Yang Ge, and VV fainted on the spot.
3, how to determine the distance between any two points
In the evening, we finally reached the campsite of the day. At this time, the players drunk in the sun and asked: "How long is the paste captain, from today's starting point to the end of tomorrow?" The starting point to the end, that is, from 110 points. Second END, This is a relative distance problem, ah, simple. Turn on the GPS and you don't have to wait to find the satellite (wait for 3 minutes, no face), find 110 points in the waypoint table, and then move the cursor to the following reference point (Refenrence) column, enter Second END, OK! Immediately after GPS, 110 points away from the reference point Second END 16.8KM.
4, in the right direction under the guidance of GPS
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