Relevant data show that at this stage, the annual refrigeration capacity of China's vegetables accounts for 10% to 20% of the total output, and the cold chain circulation rate is only 5%. Due to the serious development of cold storage, cold chain equipment, cold chain logistics technology and technical personnel, It is estimated that the annual waste of vegetables caused by cold chain problems in China is more than 1.13 million tons. The annual vegetable rot loss is as high as 130 million tons, and the vegetable logistics loss rate is as high as 30% to 40%. Controlled below 5%, the loss rate of US fruits and vegetables in the fresh-keeping logistics sector is only 1% to 2%.
Cost is one of the biggest factors currently hindering the application of vegetable cold chain in China. The picking time of common vegetables is early morning or evening. Some freshly picked vegetables also have field heat. It is easy to rot during transportation by entering the transport passage. Most vegetable merchants will put the vegetables in a cool place to cool down. Some people will use refrigerated transport. Because of the high cost of refrigerated transport, especially for low-priced vegetables, the use of this mode of transport will only be a loss, and the use of ordinary transport vehicles for medium and short-distance transport, even if the vegetables are worn out, the final cost is lower than the use of refrigerated transport.
At the same time, cold chain transportation requires fresh vegetables after harvesting to be processed at low temperature, low temperature storage, packaging, etc. However, due to the lack of technology in this area, most of the vegetables in China are extensively operated, and the sales value and natural output value at harvest are harvested. The ratio is 0.38:1, compared to 3.7:1 in the US and 3.2:1 in Canada. It can be seen that there is not enough technology and management level. After low temperature treatment, vegetables not only do not increase the output value, but reduce the output value. This is one of the reasons why cold chain transportation is difficult to grow and develop in China's vegetable transportation industry.
Under normal circumstances, leafy vegetables with very high destinations and high added value are suitable for cold chain transportation during long-distance transportation, which can effectively ensure the freshness of vegetables. The destination price can be several times higher than that of vegetable production. However, the current development of greenhouse technology, as well as the need for certain vegetables to grow in special geographical locations, has resulted in a very small proportion of the types and quantities of vegetables suitable for long-distance low-temperature transportation, which is the limit of the total output of vegetables. One of the factors.
Vegetable cold chain transportation is prone to problems
Vegetables are most prone to the following three problems during cold chain transport.
(1) Different types of vegetables have different suitable cold storage conditions, that is, each vegetable has a suitable refrigerating temperature. If the refrigerating temperature is too high, the aging and quality deterioration of the vegetables will be accelerated; if the refrigerating temperature is too low, Causes chilling or freezing damage to vegetables.
(2) During transportation, vegetables will inevitably be affected by the vibration generated by the transportation tool. Vibration is one of the main factors causing vegetable transportation damage. If the unit vibration load exceeds the critical point of vibration acceleration of vegetables, the vegetables will be extremely It is prone to mechanical damage, which in turn affects the quality of vegetables. The critical point values ​​of vibration acceleration of various vegetables are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
(3) In the loading and unloading operation of vegetables, there is often a situation of rough loading and unloading. The impact force generated in this process is generally much larger than the stress generated by vibration during transportation, and it is easier to cause mechanical damage of vegetables in an instant.
Basic requirements for cold chain transportation of vegetables
In order to ensure the safety of vegetables in the cold chain transportation process, we need to pay attention to the following requirements.
1. quick Express
Vegetables in the cold chain transportation process will be affected by many external environmental conditions, and these conditions are sometimes difficult to control by humans, such as changes in external climate, vehicle transportation bumps, vegetable insulation, etc., so it should be in the shortest time. The vegetables are delivered to the destination to reduce the impact of uncontrollable factors on the vegetables. It should be noted that in the three links of loading, unloading and transportation, the information communication coordination should be accurate, so as to reduce and avoid any possibility of prolonging the working time frequently.
2. Light loading and unloading
The moisture content of vegetables is very high, and it is fresh and fragile. The impact and collision of the outside world can easily cause vegetable injury and rot and deterioration. Especially in the process of manual loading and unloading, light loading and unloading should be carried out under effective monitoring, and the occurrence of barbaric loading and unloading operations is strictly prohibited.
3. Anti-heat and antifreeze
During the cold chain transportation process, the storage conditions of vegetables should be within the specified temperature range, and the specified temperature deviation should not be exceeded. The storage conditions of some common vegetables are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
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