How much waste paper is recycled and available every year in the world?

The circular economy is based on the efficient use and recycling of resources, with the principle of reduction, reuse and resource utilization, and an economic behavior model with low consumption, low emission and high efficiency. Circular economy, first The United States, which sprouted in the 1960s, has now received widespread response around the world. Due to resource constraints and environmental protection needs worldwide, the renewable resource industry has been regarded as the key to developing a circular economy. As a renewable resource, waste paper is of great significance for saving fiber resources, reducing pollution, protecting the environment, saving energy, and developing a circular economy. Not only in China, but also in recycling, it is increasingly being used in countries around the world. Value.

Waste paper fiber is a green paper raw material resource that can be recycled and reused. Waste paper pulping does not need to use wood or other plant raw materials to extract plant fiber. The whole life cycle is green.

Compared with the production process of raw pulp, pulping with waste paper is simpler, more water-saving, more energy-efficient, less resource consumption, and lower pollutant emissions. The use of other non-wood fiber raw materials such as wood or rice straw, from the cultivation of raw materials to the collection, the cycle and the required social resources are far more than papermaking. Therefore, the global pulp and paper industry chooses waste paper as a raw material not only for economic reasons, but also for consideration of factors such as resource conservation, energy conservation and environmental protection.

At present, countries all over the world are digging deep into the application scope of waste paper. In some countries, government procurement requires office paper to be recycled paper with waste paper as part of it. Some countries even use waste paper as raw material to produce toilet paper. For example, the waste paper utilization rate of toilet paper in Japan in 2013 was as high as 53%. Paper-based packaging materials are more environmentally friendly and lighter, and waste paper is the main raw material. It can be seen that waste paper becomes an available resource after proper treatment.

Global waste paper recycling is growing steadily

The strong demand for waste paper drove the global waste paper recycling volume to grow steadily. In 2016, the global waste paper recycling volume was 242.19 million tons, an increase of 1.497 million tons compared with 2015. The waste paper recycling rate was 58.6%, which was the same as 2015. The source of recycled waste paper is highly concentrated, mainly in Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2016, the recycling volume of waste paper in Asia was 99.73 million tons, the recovery rate was 52.8%; the recycling volume of waste paper in Europe was 66.65 million tons, and the recovery rate was 67.6%; the recycling volume of waste paper in North America was 51.97 million tons, and the recovery rate was 68.0%. . The total amount of waste paper recovered in the three regions was 218 million tons, accounting for 91% of the total global waste paper recycling. In other regions such as Latin America, Oceania and Africa, the amount of waste paper recovered is small, and the total proportion is less than 10% of the total global waste paper recycling, but it has increased to a different extent than in 2015.

Global waste paper utilization continues to increase

In 2016, the global waste paper utilization was 241.89 million tons, an increase of 1.807 million tons compared with 2015; the utilization rate of waste paper was as high as 58.9%, which was the same as in 2015. The utilization of global waste paper from 2007 to 2016 is shown in Figure 3. The area of ​​waste paper utilization is also concentrated in Asia, Europe, and North America, with Asia accounting for the largest proportion, reaching 54%.

Waste paper resources support the rapid development of the global paper industry

The urgent need to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly paper industry worldwide has made the strengthening of waste paper recycling and utilization an important part of the sustainable development of the global paper industry. The recycling of waste paper promotes the continuous change of fiber material structure of pulp and paper, and significantly reduces the consumption of fiber resources such as wood. In recent years, global pulp production has not increased with the increase of paper and board output, and has remained stable. The recycling of waste paper resources has gradually increased and become an important source of fiber raw materials to support the rapid development of the global paper industry.

Strong demand for waste paper and limited space for supply growth

Strong global demand for waste paper

With the development of the global economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the demand for paper packaging materials such as packaging paper and paperboard with green environmental protection and cost-effective advantages has continued to grow. Among them, corrugated materials (corrugated base paper and boxboard), which account for 70% of the packaging paper and paperboard product structure, account for up to 40% of global paper and board production. In 2016, the global production of corrugated materials was 161.44 million tons, an increase of 2.31% over 2015, accounting for 39.29% of the total global paper and board production. The consumption was 160.83 million tons, an increase of 2.17% over 2015, accounting for the total global consumption of paper and cardboard. The amount is 38.89%. At present, the proportion of waste paper pulp in the fiber raw material structure of corrugated material products in the world is as high as 80%. Therefore, due to the continuous growth of corrugated material demand, the global demand for waste paper will continue to increase in the future. Second, some countries continue to increase the use of waste paper in order to save resources and protect the environment, especially China, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam. The demand for waste paper in developing countries and regions has increased rapidly in recent years.

Therefore, the overall demand for waste paper is strong, and the supply of waste paper in the international market will become more intense in the future.

Limited recoverable volume, slower supply growth

Paper consumption determines the amount of recycling. With the development of e-commerce, electronic media, e-government, etc., the function of some paper and cardboard as a carrier has been replaced, resulting in a decline in the global consumption of cultural paper such as newsprint and printing and writing paper, which can be developed from the United States and Europe. The changes in the national paper and paperboard consumption quantity and variety structure have been proved. Secondly, with the improvement of waste paper recycling system and the improvement of recycling rate, the global average waste paper recycling rate will slow down and become closer to the theory. Limit value, waste paper recycling growth potential is limited; In addition, in the global paper and paperboard product consumption structure, in addition to corrugated material packaging paper, household paper and specialty paper has gradually become an important part of growth. However, paper and paperboard products such as household paper, specialty paper (such as construction paper, cigarette paper, etc.) are non-recyclable, so waste paper that can be recycled in the case of slower growth in global paper and paperboard consumption. The amount of growth is limited.

China's waste paper recycling is close to the limit of recoverable volume. Since household paper, cigarette paper, special paper and paperboard, industrial and agricultural supporting paper, sedimentation of libraries, archives and households, packaging and instructions for export goods, and signs and labels are not recyclable with product entrainment, China can annually The amount of waste paper produced is only about half of the paper consumption, less than 60 million tons, and the actual recycling volume has exceeded 50 million tons. The basic recycling of recycling and recycling is no longer possible.

Rebalance of waste paper resources between different economies

Paper and board consumption levels are closely related to regional economy and consumption levels. Therefore, due to the imbalance between regional economic development and consumption levels, there are huge differences in waste paper resources between different regions, mainly to economically developed countries and regions. This is mainly reflected in two aspects: 1 paper and paperboard consumption. In 2016, the global average per capita consumption was 56.5 kg. Among them, the average consumption per capita in North America and Europe is 212.7 kg and 116.6 kg, respectively, which is much higher than the global average; while the average consumption per capita in Africa is only 7.7 kg. For example, in Belgium, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom and other developed countries, the annual per capita consumption of paper and cardboard has been above 200 kg, of which more than 300 kg in Belgium. 2 There is a trade gap between regions. Import and export of some paper and paperboard products and paper products mainly based on paper packaging materials are imported and exported with commodities. This part of the products is mainly transferred from the manufacturing country to the consumer countries, while the main consumers are economic developed countries and regions such as the United States. Taking China as a manufacturing country, it is estimated that nearly 30 million tons of paper and cardboard materials are exported each year in China.

Based on the above analysis, economic internationalization and trade globalization have made it impossible for some paper and cardboard products produced and consumed in manufacturing-oriented countries and regions to be recycled in their own countries due to export, and only cross-border in net importing countries such as the United States. Japan and other developed countries and regions recover, while the manufacturing countries are countries and regions where fiber resources demand is relatively. This creates an inter-regional imbalance in the supply and demand of waste paper resources. Waste paper recovered in the United States and other consumer countries, except for part of domestic consumption, is returned to manufacturing countries such as China and Germany in the form of trade exports. Therefore, the global waste paper trade is largely a return and rebalancing of resources, not a so-called waste transfer.

At present, as a kind of recycled fiber resource, waste paper has grown steadily. In 2016, the global waste paper trade totaled 58.75 million tons, accounting for 24.3% of the total global waste paper utilization. Among them, North America is the most important net exporter of waste paper, and Asia is the most important waste paper import area. In 2016, the country with the largest net export of waste paper was the United States, and the countries with higher imports were China, Germany and the Netherlands.

Developed countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom attach great importance to the resource utilization of waste paper. According to the needs, a certain amount of waste paper will be imported to varying degrees each year (see Table 1). Among them, the garden-style country of the Netherlands, the annual import of waste paper is basically about 3 million tons, which is equivalent to the use of imported waste paper in the production of paper and paperboard. The table lists the trade situation and recycling of waste papers in major industrial countries in 2016.

As the world's first waste paper resource utilization country, China has stricter control over the quality of imported waste paper compared with some developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and the Netherlands. In 2018, the import of mixed waste paper was completely banned, and 2016 The import volume of mixed waste paper accounted for 28%, 34%, and 68% of the total waste paper imports in the United States, Germany, and the Netherlands, respectively.

Waste paper is an important resource related to national economic security

Taking the packaging paper with the most waste paper as an example, packaging paperboard is the raw material for the production of cardboard boxes. The recycling and trade of waste paper determines the recycling amount of waste paper and the quality of packaging paperboard. Modern society has developed to this day, and cardboard boxes have been in the economy of people. Everywhere in life, there is no substitute product. Most products, even if they are packaged in paper, glass, plastic, metal, etc., still need an outer packaging carton, and the outer packaging is changed into a regular square. Cars and containers for container transport, short-haul handling, postal delivery, warehousing and retail. If there is a shortage of packaging paper and paper packaging due to insufficient waste paper, industrial and agricultural products will be difficult to withstand repeated transportation of cars, trains, ships, warehousing, express delivery, etc. and maintain a low breakage rate, and even the products cannot be factory. Most of China's goods without paper packaging will be difficult to meet the requirements of foreign transportation and storage, some products will be difficult to put on the shelves at home and abroad, and even affect the international market share of "Made in China" products, for China's textile products, The industries such as mechanical and electrical products, agricultural products, cultural products, and e-commerce express delivery have caused heavy losses, resulting in the suspension of production of the above-mentioned industrial film enterprises in China, affecting the employment of the number of people and affecting social stability. Therefore, the importance of waste paper recycling, trade and utilization should be fully understood and valued by the whole society.

Editor in charge: Zheng

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